Henry David Thoreau (born David Henry Thoreau; July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher.
Civil Disobedience – Easy English + Bangla
About the Work / Key Info
Full Title: On the Duty of Civil Disobedience
āĻŦাংāϞা: āϏিāĻিāϞ āĻĄিāϏāĻāĻŦিāĻĄিāϝ়েāύ্āϏ / āĻ
āύ্āϝাāϝ় āĻāĻāύেāϰ āĻŦিāϰুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻļাāύ্āϤিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻŦাāĻĻ
Writer: Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)
āĻŦাংāϞা: āĻŽাāϰ্āĻিāύ āĻĻাāϰ্āĻļāύিāĻ āĻ āĻ্āϰাāύ্āϏāϏেāύ্āĻĄেāύ্āĻাāϞিāϏ্āĻ āϞেāĻāĻ।
Written in: 1848
āĻŦাংāϞা: āĻĨāϰোāϰ āĻেāϞ āĻšāĻāϝ়াāϰ āĻĒāϰে (āĻ্āϝাāĻ্āϏ āύা āĻĻেāĻāϝ়াāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ) āϞেāĻা।
First Published: 1849
Genre: Political & Philosophical Essay
Tone: Bold, moral, revolutionary
Form: Prose essay
Narrative Voice: First person (Thoreau himself)
Setting: Concord, Massachusetts; mid-19th century
Famous Line: “That government is best which governs least.”
āĻŦাংāϞা: āϝে āϏāϰāĻাāϰ āĻāĻŽ āĻļাāϏāύ āĻāϰে, āϏেāĻ āϏāϰāĻাāϰāĻ āϏেāϰা।
Central Idea (Easy):
English: When the government does injustice, people must peacefully disobey it.
Bangla: āϏāϰāĻাāϰ āĻ
āύ্āϝাāϝ় āĻāϰāϞে āύাāĻāϰিāĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻļাāύ্āϤিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāĻাāĻŦে āĻ
āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āĻšāĻāϝ়া āύৈāϤিāĻ āĻāϰ্āϤāĻŦ্āϝ।
One-line Summary:
English: Disobey unjust law, obey your conscience.
Bangla: āĻ
āύ্āϝাāϝ় āĻāĻāύেāϰ āĻ
āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āĻšāĻ, āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻেāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŽাāύো।
Easy Summary (English + Bangla)
1. Nature of Government
Easy English: Thoreau says the best government is the one that controls people the least. Governments often become unjust and misuse power. Real progress comes from honest individuals, not from rulers.
Bangla: āĻĨāϰো āĻŦāϞেāύ, āĻাāϞো āϏāϰāĻাāϰ āϏেāĻ āϝে āĻāĻŽ āĻšāϏ্āϤāĻ্āώেāĻĒ āĻāϰে। āĻিāύ্āϤু āϏāϰāĻাāϰ āĻ
āύেāĻ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻ
āύ্āϝাāϝ় āĻāϰে। āĻĒ্āϰāĻৃāϤ āĻāύ্āύāϤি āĻšāϝ় āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āύৈāϤিāĻāϤা āĻ āϏāϤāϤাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে, āϏāϰāĻাāϰেāϰ āĻāĻĻেāĻļে āύāϝ়।
2. Conscience vs Law
Easy English: Thoreau says we should follow our conscience first, not the law. If the law is unjust, obeying it is wrong. Majority opinion is not always true.
Bangla: āĻāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻāϰ্āϤāĻŦ্āϝ āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻ āĻŽাāύা, āĻāĻāύ āύāϝ়। āĻāĻāύ āĻ
āύ্āϝাāϝ় āĻšāϞে āϤা āĻŽাāύা āĻĒাāĻĒ। āϏংāĻ্āϝাāĻāϰিāώ্āĻ েāϰ āĻŽāϤ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝ় āϏāϤ্āϝ āύāϝ়।
He divides people into 3 groups:
1. Body-servers – soldiers who obey blindly
2. Head-servers – politicians/lawyers who think but not morally
3. Conscience-servers – reformers who follow truth
Bangla: āϏāϤ্āϝিāĻাāϰেāϰ āĻŽাāύুāώ āϏেāĻ āϝে āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻেāϰ āĻĒāĻĨ āϧāϰে।
3. Criticism of Slavery & War
Easy English: Thoreau strongly condemns slavery and the Mexican War. He says paying taxes to an unjust government makes people indirectly support evil.
Bangla: āĻĨāϰো āĻĻাāϏāĻĒ্āϰāĻĨা āĻ āĻŽেāĻ্āϏিāĻো āϝুāĻĻ্āϧেāϰ āĻŦিāϰোāϧিāϤা āĻāϰেāύ। āϤিāύি āĻŦāϞেāύ, āĻ
āύ্āϝাāϝ় āϏāϰāĻাāϰāĻে āĻ্āϝাāĻ্āϏ āĻĻিāϞে āĻŽাāύুāώāĻ āϏেāĻ āĻ
āύ্āϝাāϝ়েāϰ āĻ
ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰ āĻšāϝ়।
He says:
English: Silence supports injustice.
Bangla: āĻুāĻĒ āĻĨাāĻা āĻŽাāύে āĻ
āύ্āϝাāϝ়āĻে āĻļāĻ্āϤি āĻĻেāĻāϝ়া।
4. Hypocrisy of Society
Easy English: Many people say slavery is wrong, but they do nothing. They talk but don’t act. Voting is not enough because voting shifts responsibility to others.
Bangla: āĻ
āύেāĻে āĻŽুāĻে āĻŦāϞে āĻĻাāϏāĻĒ্āϰāĻĨা āĻ
āύ্āϝাāϝ়, āĻিāύ্āϤু āĻাāĻ āĻāϰে āύা। āĻļুāϧু āĻোāĻ āĻĻিāϞে āϏāĻŽাāĻ āĻŦāĻĻāϞাā§ āύা; āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻ āĻাāĻāϤে āĻšāĻŦে।
5. Duty to Resist Unjust Laws
Easy English: Thoreau says there are three ways to face unjust laws:
1. Obey them
2. Try to change them
3. Disobey them
He says the third one—peaceful disobedience—is the moral duty.
Bangla: āĻ
āύ্āϝাāϝ় āĻāĻāύ āĻĨাāĻāϞে āϤিāύāĻি āĻĒāĻĨ—āĻŽাāύা, āĻŦāĻĻāϞাāύোāϰ āĻেāώ্āĻা āĻāϰা, āĻŦা āĻেāĻে āĻĢেāϞা। āĻĨāϰো āĻŦāϞেāύ, āĻļাāύ্āϤিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ
āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāϤাāĻ āύৈāϤিāĻ āĻāϰ্āϤāĻŦ্āϝ।
English: “Let your life stop the machine of injustice.”
Bangla: āύিāĻেāϰ āĻীāĻŦāύāĻে āĻ
āύ্āϝাāϝ় āĻĨাāĻŽাāύোāϰ āĻļāĻ্āϤি āĻŦাāύাāĻ।
6. Thoreau’s Own Example (Poll Tax)
Easy English: Thoreau refused to pay the poll tax because it supported slavery and war. He was jailed for one night but felt morally free.
Bangla: āĻĻাāϏāĻĒ্āϰāĻĨা āĻ āϝুāĻĻ্āϧেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻŦাāĻĻে āĻĨāϰো āĻ্āϝাāĻ্āϏ āĻĻেāύāύি। āĻāĻāύ্āϝ āϤাāĻে āĻāĻ āϰাāϤ āĻেāϞে āĻĨাāĻāϤে āĻšāϝ়। āϤāĻŦু āϤিāύি āύিāĻেāĻে āĻŽুāĻ্āϤ āĻŽāύে āĻāϰেāύ।
He says:
English: A just man can be free even in prison.
Bangla: āύ্āϝাāϝ়āĻĒāϰাāϝ়āĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāώ āĻেāϞেāĻ āĻŽুāĻ্āϤ।
7. Power of One Individual
Easy English: One honest person can start a big moral change. Thoreau says peaceful resistance is stronger than violence.
Bangla: āĻāĻāĻāύ āϏāϤ্āϝāĻŦাāĻĻী āĻŽাāύুāώāĻ āĻŦāĻĄ় āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻāύāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻļাāύ্āϤিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻŦাāĻĻ āϏāĻšিংāϏāϤাāϰ āĻেāϝ়ে āĻļāĻ্āϤিāĻļাāϞী।
8. Ideal State
Easy English: Thoreau dreams of a government that respects its citizens and lets them follow conscience. Politics must be based on morality, not convenience.
Bangla: āĻĨāϰো āĻāĻŽāύ āϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰ āĻāϞ্āĻĒāύা āĻāϰেāύ āϝেāĻাāύে āύাāĻāϰিāĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āĻĨাāĻāĻŦে। āϰাāĻāύীāϤি āĻšāĻŦে āύৈāϤিāĻāϤাāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ, āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύāϝ়।
Super Easy Final Idea
English:
Government becomes unjust → People must protest peacefully → Conscience is higher than law.
Bangla:
āϏāϰāĻাāϰ āĻ
āύ্āϝাāϝ় āĻāϰāϞে → āĻļাāύ্āϤিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻāϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে → āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻ āĻāĻāύেāϰ āĻেāϝ়ে āĻāĻ্āĻ।
Civil Disobedience
1. Introduction (āĻĒāϰিāĻā§)
Simple English:
“Civil Disobedience” is an essay written by Henry David Thoreau,
an American writer and thinker. It was first published in 1849. In this
essay, Thoreau says that people should follow their conscience (inner sense
of right and wrong) instead of obeying unjust (unfair) laws. He
believed that blindly obeying the government helps injustice to grow.
Bangla Meaning:
“āϏিāĻিāϞ āĻĄিāϏāĻāĻŦিāĻĄিā§েāύ্āϏ” āĻšāϞো āĻšেāύāϰি āĻĄেāĻিāĻĄ āĻĨোāϰোāϰ āϞেāĻা āĻāĻāĻি āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāύ্āϧ
(ā§§ā§Žā§Ē⧝ āϏাāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻļিāϤ)। āĻāĻাāύে āĻĨোāϰো āĻŦāϞেāύ—āϝāĻĻি āĻোāύো āĻāĻāύ āĻ
āύ্āϝাā§ āĻšā§,
āϤāĻŦে āĻŽাāύুāώāĻে āϏেāĻ āĻāĻāύ āύা āĻŽেāύে āύিāĻেāϰ āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻেāϰ āĻāĻĨা āĻļুāύāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ
āύ্āϧāĻাāĻŦে āϏāϰāĻাāϰেāϰ āĻāĻĨা āĻŽাāύāϞে āĻ
āύ্āϝাā§ āĻāϰāĻ āĻŦাā§ে।
2. Why Thoreau Wrote It (āĻেāύ āϞিāĻেāĻিāϞেāύ?)
Simple English:
Thoreau wrote this essay because he strongly opposed slavery and the Mexican–American
War. He thought these actions were morally wrong.
Bangla Meaning:
āĻĨোāϰো āĻāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāύ্āϧāĻি āϞিāĻেāĻিāϞেāύ āĻাāϰāĻŖ āϤিāύি āĻĻাāϏāĻĒ্āϰāĻĨা āĻāĻŦং āĻŽেāĻ্āϏিāĻো-āĻāĻŽেāϰিāĻা āϝুāĻĻ্āϧেāϰ āĻŦিāϰুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻিāϞেāύ। āϤাঁāϰ āĻŽāϤে āĻāĻুāϞো āĻিāϞ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ
āύৈāϤিāĻ।
3. Influence (āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻŦ)
Simple English:
This essay inspired many world leaders.
- Mahatma
Gandhi used these ideas in India’s
independence movement.
- Martin
Luther King Jr. used them during the American civil
rights movement.
The essay is now considered one of the most important texts about nonviolent protest.
Bangla Meaning:
āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāύ্āϧāĻি āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻ
āύেāĻ āύেāϤাāĻে āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻŦিāϤ āĻāϰেāĻে—
- āĻŽāĻšাāϤ্āĻŽা
āĻাāύ্āϧী āĻাāϰāϤেāϰ
āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা
āϏংāĻ্āϰাāĻŽে
āĻĨোāϰোāϰ
āϧাāϰāĻŖা
āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ
āĻāϰেāύ।
- āĻŽাāϰ্āĻিāύ
āϞুāĻĨাāϰ āĻিং
āĻুāύিā§āϰ āĻāĻŽেāϰিāĻাāϰ
āύাāĻāϰিāĻ
āĻ
āϧিāĻাāϰ
āĻāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে
āĻāĻি
āĻ
āύুāϏāϰāĻŖ
āĻāϰেāύ।
āĻāĻি āĻ āĻšিংāϏ āĻāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύেāϰ āĻ āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻিāϤ্āϤি āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻāĻŖ্āϝ āĻāϰা āĻšā§।
4. What “Civil” Means Here (āĻāĻাāύে
‘Civil’ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāύে āĻী?)
Simple English:
In this essay, “civil” means related to citizens and the state.
So, civil disobedience means disobeying the government or its laws.
It does not mean polite or peaceful behavior (the other meaning of
“civil”).
Bangla Meaning:
āĻāĻাāύে
“civil” āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻ
āϰ্āĻĨ āĻšāϞো āύাāĻāϰিāĻ āĻ āϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻিāϤ।
āϤাāĻ Civil
Disobedience āĻŽাāύে āϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰেāϰ āĻ
āύ্āϝাā§ āĻāĻāύেāϰ āĻ
āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāϤা।
āĻāĻা
‘āĻāĻĻ্āϰ/āĻŽাāϰ্āĻিāϤ’
āĻāĻāϰāĻŖ āĻŦোāĻাā§ āύা।
5. Background (āĻĒāĻāĻূāĻŽি)
Simple English:
In the 1840s and 1850s, slavery became a big issue in America. After the Fugitive
Slave Act (1850), tension increased. Thoreau gave a speech in 1848 that
later became this essay.
Bangla Meaning:
ā§§ā§Žā§Ēā§Ļ–ā§Ģā§Ļ āĻĻāĻļāĻে āĻāĻŽেāϰিāĻাā§ āĻĻাāϏāĻĒ্āϰāĻĨা āĻŦā§ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝা āĻšā§ে āĻĻাঁā§াā§। āĻĢিāĻāĻিāĻিāĻ āϏ্āϞেāĻ āĻ
্āϝাāĻ্āĻ
(ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§Ļ) āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻĒāϰিāϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻāϰāĻ āĻāϤ্āϤāĻĒ্āϤ āĻšā§। āĻĨোāϰো ā§§ā§Žā§Ēā§Ž āϏাāϞে āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦāĻ্āϤৃāϤা āĻĻেāύ,
āϝা āĻĒāϰে āĻāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāύ্āϧে āϰূāĻĒ āύেā§।
Summary of the Essay (āϏāĻšāĻ āϏাāϰাংāĻļ)
6. Governments Are Often Harmful (āϏāϰāĻাāϰ āĻ
āύেāĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻ্āώāϤিāĻāϰ)
Simple English:
Thoreau says governments often do more harm than good.
Democracy does not always ensure justice, because the majority can be wrong.
He says:
- Respect
what is right, not just the law.
- A
bad law should not be obeyed.
Bangla Meaning:
āĻĨোāϰো āĻŦāϞেāύ—āϏāϰāĻাāϰ āĻ
āύেāĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāĻĒāĻাāϰেāϰ āĻেā§ে āĻ্āώāϤি āĻŦেāĻļি āĻāϰে।
āĻāĻŖāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻŽাāύেāĻ āύ্āϝাā§ āĻŦিāĻাāϰ āύā§,
āĻাāϰāĻŖ āϏংāĻ্āϝাāĻāϰিāώ্āĻ āĻ āĻুāϞ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।
āϤিāύি āĻŦāϞেāύ—
- āĻļুāϧু
āĻāĻāύ
āύā§,
āϏāĻ িāĻ
āĻিāύিāϏāĻেāĻ
āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύ
āĻāϰāϤে
āĻšāĻŦে।
- āĻাāϰাāĻĒ
āĻāĻāύ
āĻŽাāύা
āĻāĻিāϤ
āύā§।
7. Government Is a Machine (āϏāϰāĻাāϰ āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰ)
Simple English:
Thoreau compares the government to a machine.
If the machine creates injustice, citizens must act as a “counter friction”
to stop it.
Bangla Meaning:
āĻĨোāϰো āϏāϰāĻাāϰāĻে āĻāĻāĻি āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϤুāϞāύা āĻāϰেāύ।
āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻ āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻ
āύ্āϝাā§ āϤৈāϰি āĻāϰে,
āϤāĻāύ āύাāĻāϰিāĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻিāϤ āϏেāĻ āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻে āĻĨাāĻŽাāύোāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦ āĻŦা āĻŦাāϧা āϏৃāώ্āĻি āĻāϰা।
8. People Must Act (āĻŽাāύুāώāĻে āĻাāĻ āĻāϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে)
Simple English:
He says people should not only vote and hope for justice.
They must act justly themselves.
If you support the government by paying taxes, you are also helping its
injustices.
Bangla Meaning:
āϤিāύি āĻŽāύে āĻāϰেāύ—āĻļুāϧু āĻোāĻ āĻĻেā§া āĻŦা āύ্āϝাā§ āĻāĻļা āĻāϰাāĻ āϝāĻĨেāώ্āĻ āύā§।
āύিāĻেāĻেāĻ āύ্āϝাāϝ়āĻĒāϰাā§āĻŖ āĻšāϤে āĻšāĻŦে।
āĻāĻĒāύি āϝāĻĻি āĻāϰ āĻĻেāύ,
āϤāĻŦে āϏāϰāĻাāϰেāϰ āĻ
āύ্āϝাā§েāϰ āĻ
ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰ āĻšā§ে āϝাāύ।
9. Breaking Unjust Laws (āĻ
āύ্āϝাā§ āĻāĻāύ āĻাāĻা āύ্āϝাāϝ্āϝ)
Simple English:
Obeying an unjust law is wrong.
Thoreau says people should stop cooperating with injustice—even if it means
going to jail.
Bangla Meaning:
āĻ
āύ্āϝাā§ āĻāĻāύ āĻŽাāύা āĻ
āύ্āϝাā§।
āĻĨোāϰো āĻŦāϞেāύ—āĻŽাāύুāώāĻে āĻ
āύ্āϝাā§েāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏāĻšāϝোāĻিāϤা āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻāϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে,
āĻĒ্āϰā§োāĻāύে āĻেāϞে āϝেāϤে āĻšāϞেāĻ।
10. Thoreau in Jail (āĻĨোāϰোāϰ āĻেāϞ āĻ
āĻিāĻ্āĻāϤা)
Simple English:
Thoreau refused to pay taxes, so he was briefly jailed.
He said he felt freer in jail than people outside, because he did not
support injustice.
Bangla Meaning:
āĻĨোāϰো āĻāϰ āĻĻিāϤে āĻ
āϏ্āĻŦীāĻাāϰ āĻāϰাā§ āϤাāĻে āĻিāĻু āϏāĻŽā§েāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻেāϞে āϰাāĻা āĻšā§।
āϤিāύি āĻŦāϞেāύ—āĻেāϞে āĻĨেāĻেāĻ āϤিāύি āĻŦাāĻāϰে āĻĨাāĻা āϞোāĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻেā§ে āĻŦেāĻļি āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύ āĻ
āύুāĻāĻŦ āĻāϰেāĻিāϞেāύ,
āĻাāϰāĻŖ āϤিāύি āĻ
āύ্āϝাā§ āϏāĻŽāϰ্āĻĨāύ āĻāϰেāύāύি।
11. Better Government Is Possible (āĻāϰো āĻাāϞো āϏāϰāĻাāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻāĻŦ)
Simple English:
Thoreau believes the government should respect the individual as the highest
authority.
A truly free state will treat every person with dignity and justice.
Bangla Meaning:
āĻĨোāϰো āĻŽāύে āĻāϰেāύ—āĻāĻāĻি āĻাāϞো āϏāϰāĻাāϰ āύাāĻāϰিāĻāĻে āϏāϰ্āĻŦোāĻ্āĻ āĻŽāϰ্āϝাāĻĻাā§ āĻĻেāĻāĻŦে।
āĻāĻāĻি āϏāϤ্āϝিāĻাāϰেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύ āϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻি āĻŽাāύুāώāĻে āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύ āĻ āύ্āϝাā§ āĻĻেāĻŦে।
Impact on World Leaders (āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦ āύেāϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻŦ)
Mahatma Gandhi
He read Thoreau and used civil disobedience in India's
freedom movement.
Bangla:
āĻাāύ্āϧী āĻĨোāϰোāĻে āĻĒā§ে āĻ
āĻšিংāϏ āĻ
āϏāĻšāϝোāĻ āĻāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻā§ে āϤোāϞেāύ।
Martin Luther King Jr.
He said the essay helped him understand nonviolent
resistance.
Bangla:
āĻāĻŽāĻāϞāĻে āĻŦāϞেāύ—āĻāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāύ্āϧ āϤাঁāĻে āĻ
āĻšিংāϏ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϰোāϧেāϰ āϏāĻ িāĻ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻĻেāĻাā§।
Other Thinkers
Tolstoy, John F. Kennedy, W.B. Yeats and others were
also influenced by the essay.
Bangla:
āĻāϞāϏ্āĻā§,
āĻেāύেāĻĄি,
āĻā§েāĻāϏāϏāĻš āĻāϰāĻ āĻ
āύেāĻ āϞেāĻāĻ āĻ āύেāϤা āĻĨোāϰোāϰ āĻিāύ্āϤাā§ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻŦিāϤ āĻšāύ।
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