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Master's Civil Disobedience full analysis +Key Info+ summary

Henry David Thoreau (born David Henry Thoreau; July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American naturalistessayistpoet, and philosopher. 

Civil Disobedience – Easy English + Bangla

About the Work / Key Info



Full Title: On the Duty of Civil Disobedience
āĻŦাংāϞা: āϏিāĻ­িāϞ āĻĄিāϏāĻ“āĻŦিāĻĄিāϝ়েāύ্āϏ / āĻ…āύ্āϝাāϝ় āφāχāύেāϰ āĻŦিāϰুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻļাāύ্āϤিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻŦাāĻĻ

Writer: Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)
āĻŦাংāϞা: āĻŽাāϰ্āĻ•িāύ āĻĻাāϰ্āĻļāύিāĻ• āĻ“ āϟ্āϰাāύ্āϏāϏেāύ্āĻĄেāύ্āϟাāϞিāϏ্āϟ āϞেāĻ–āĻ•

Written in: 1848
āĻŦাংāϞা: āĻĨāϰোāϰ āϜেāϞ āĻšāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āĻĒāϰে (āϟ্āϝাāĻ•্āϏ āύা āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āϜāύ্āϝāϞেāĻ–া

First Published: 1849
Genre: Political & Philosophical Essay
Tone: Bold, moral, revolutionary
Form: Prose essay
Narrative Voice: First person (Thoreau himself)
Setting: Concord, Massachusetts; mid-19th century

Famous Line: “That government is best which governs least.”
āĻŦাংāϞা: āϝে āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻļাāϏāύ āĻ•āϰেāϏেāχ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰāχ āϏেāϰা

Central Idea (Easy):
English: When the government does injustice, people must peacefully disobey it.
Bangla: 
āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāϝ় āĻ•āϰāϞে āύাāĻ—āϰিāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āĻļাāύ্āϤিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ…āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āĻšāĻ“āϝ়া āύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻ•āϰ্āϤāĻŦ্āϝ

One-line Summary:
English: Disobey unjust law, obey your conscience.
Bangla: 
āĻ…āύ্āϝাāϝ় āφāχāύেāϰ āĻ…āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āĻšāĻ“āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻ•েāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŽাāύো


Easy Summary (English + Bangla)

1. Nature of Government

Easy English: Thoreau says the best government is the one that controls people the least. Governments often become unjust and misuse power. Real progress comes from honest individuals, not from rulers.
Bangla: 
āĻĨāϰো āĻŦāϞেāύāĻ­াāϞো āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āϏেāχ āϝে āĻ•āĻŽ āĻšāϏ্āϤāĻ•্āώেāĻĒ āĻ•āϰে āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻ…āύ্āϝাāϝ় āĻ•āϰে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤ āωāύ্āύāϤি āĻšāϝ় āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āύৈāϤিāĻ•āϤা āĻ“ āϏāϤāϤাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽেāϏāϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āφāĻĻেāĻļে āύāϝ়


2. Conscience vs Law

Easy English: Thoreau says we should follow our conscience first, not the law. If the law is unjust, obeying it is wrong. Majority opinion is not always true.
Bangla: 
āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ্āϤāĻŦ্āϝ āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻ• āĻŽাāύাāφāχāύ āύāϝ় āφāχāύ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāϝ় āĻšāϞে āϤা āĻŽাāύা āĻĒাāĻĒ āϏংāĻ–্āϝাāĻ—āϰিāώ্āĻ েāϰ āĻŽāϤ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝ় āϏāϤ্āϝ āύāϝ়

He divides people into 3 groups:

1.    Body-servers – soldiers who obey blindly

2.    Head-servers – politicians/lawyers who think but not morally

3.    Conscience-servers – reformers who follow truth

Bangla: āϏāϤ্āϝিāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āĻŽাāύুāώ āϏেāχ āϝে āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻ•েāϰ āĻĒāĻĨ āϧāϰে


3. Criticism of Slavery & War

Easy English: Thoreau strongly condemns slavery and the Mexican War. He says paying taxes to an unjust government makes people indirectly support evil.
Bangla: 
āĻĨāϰো āĻĻাāϏāĻĒ্āϰāĻĨা āĻ“ āĻŽেāĻ•্āϏিāĻ•ো āϝুāĻĻ্āϧেāϰ āĻŦিāϰোāϧিāϤা āĻ•āϰেāύ āϤিāύি āĻŦāϞেāύāĻ…āύ্āϝাāϝ় āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰāĻ•ে āϟ্āϝাāĻ•্āϏ āĻĻিāϞে āĻŽাāύুāώāĻ“ āϏেāχ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāϝ়েāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰ āĻšāϝ়

He says:
English: Silence supports injustice.
Bangla: 
āϚুāĻĒ āĻĨাāĻ•া āĻŽাāύে āĻ…āύ্āϝাāϝ়āĻ•ে āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়া


4. Hypocrisy of Society

Easy English: Many people say slavery is wrong, but they do nothing. They talk but don’t act. Voting is not enough because voting shifts responsibility to others.
Bangla: 
āĻ…āύেāĻ•ে āĻŽুāĻ–ে āĻŦāϞে āĻĻাāϏāĻĒ্āϰāĻĨা āĻ…āύ্āϝাāϝ়āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে āύা āĻļুāϧু āĻ­োāϟ āĻĻিāϞে āϏāĻŽাāϜ āĻŦāĻĻāϞা⧟ āύাāĻŦিāĻŦেāĻ• āϜাāĻ—āϤে āĻšāĻŦে


5. Duty to Resist Unjust Laws

Easy English: Thoreau says there are three ways to face unjust laws:

1.    Obey them

2.    Try to change them

3.    Disobey them
He says the third one—peaceful disobedience—is the moral duty.

Bangla: āĻ…āύ্āϝাāϝ় āφāχāύ āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āϤিāύāϟি āĻĒāĻĨāĻŽাāύাāĻŦāĻĻāϞাāύোāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ•āϰাāĻŦা āĻ­েāĻ™ে āĻĢেāϞা āĻĨāϰো āĻŦāϞেāύāĻļাāύ্āϤিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ…āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāϤাāχ āύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻ•āϰ্āϤāĻŦ্āϝ

English: “Let your life stop the machine of injustice.”
Bangla: 
āύিāϜেāϰ āϜীāĻŦāύāĻ•ে āĻ…āύ্āϝাāϝ় āĻĨাāĻŽাāύোāϰ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻŦাāύাāĻ“


6. Thoreau’s Own Example (Poll Tax)

Easy English: Thoreau refused to pay the poll tax because it supported slavery and war. He was jailed for one night but felt morally free.
Bangla: 
āĻĻাāϏāĻĒ্āϰāĻĨা āĻ“ āϝুāĻĻ্āϧেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻŦাāĻĻে āĻĨāϰো āϟ্āϝাāĻ•্āϏ āĻĻেāύāύি āĻāϜāύ্āϝ āϤাāĻ•ে āĻāĻ• āϰাāϤ āϜেāϞে āĻĨাāĻ•āϤে āĻšāϝ় āϤāĻŦু āϤিāύি āύিāϜেāĻ•ে āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āĻŽāύে āĻ•āϰেāύ

He says:
English: A just man can be free even in prison.
Bangla: 
āύ্āϝাāϝ়āĻĒāϰাāϝ়āĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāώ āϜেāϞেāĻ“ āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ


7. Power of One Individual

Easy English: One honest person can start a big moral change. Thoreau says peaceful resistance is stronger than violence.
Bangla: 
āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϏāϤ্āϝāĻŦাāĻĻী āĻŽাāύুāώāχ āĻŦāĻĄ় āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āφāύāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āĻļাāύ্āϤিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻŦাāĻĻ āϏāĻšিংāϏāϤাāϰ āϚেāϝ়ে āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী


8. Ideal State

Easy English: Thoreau dreams of a government that respects its citizens and lets them follow conscience. Politics must be based on morality, not convenience.
Bangla: 
āĻĨāϰো āĻāĻŽāύ āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰ āĻ•āϞ্āĻĒāύা āĻ•āϰেāύ āϝেāĻ–াāύে āύাāĻ—āϰিāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻ•েāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে āϰাāϜāύীāϤি āĻšāĻŦে āύৈāϤিāĻ•āϤাāϰ āωāĻĒāϰāϏুāĻŦিāϧাāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύāϝ়


Super Easy Final Idea

English:
Government becomes unjust → People must protest peacefully → Conscience is higher than law.

Bangla:
āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāϝ় āĻ•āϰāϞে → āĻļাāύ্āϤিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে → āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻ• āφāχāύেāϰ āϚেāϝ়ে āωāϚ্āϚ

 


Civil Disobedience

1. Introduction (āĻĒāϰিāϚ⧟)

Simple English:
“Civil Disobedience” is an essay written by Henry David Thoreau, an American writer and thinker. It was first published in 1849. In this essay, Thoreau says that people should follow their conscience (inner sense of right and wrong) instead of obeying unjust (unfair) laws. He believed that blindly obeying the government helps injustice to grow.

Bangla Meaning:
āϏিāĻ­িāϞ āĻĄিāϏāĻ“āĻŦিāĻĄি⧟েāύ্āϏ āĻšāϞো āĻšেāύāϰি āĻĄেāĻ­িāĻĄ āĻĨোāϰোāϰ āϞেāĻ–া āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāύ্āϧ (ā§§ā§Žā§Ē⧝ āϏাāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļিāϤ) āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻĨোāϰো āĻŦāϞেāύāϝāĻĻি āĻ•োāύো āφāχāύ āĻ…āύ্āϝা⧟ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻŦে āĻŽাāύুāώāĻ•ে āϏেāχ āφāχāύ āύা āĻŽেāύে āύিāϜেāϰ āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻ•েāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻļুāύāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ…āύ্āϧāĻ­াāĻŦে āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŽাāύāϞে āĻ…āύ্āϝা⧟ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦা⧜ে


2. Why Thoreau Wrote It (āĻ•েāύ āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›িāϞেāύ?)

Simple English:
Thoreau wrote this essay because he strongly opposed slavery and the Mexican–American War. He thought these actions were morally wrong.

Bangla Meaning:
āĻĨোāϰো āĻāχ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāύ্āϧāϟি āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āϤিāύি āĻĻাāϏāĻĒ্āϰāĻĨা āĻāĻŦং āĻŽেāĻ•্āϏিāĻ•ো-āφāĻŽেāϰিāĻ•া āϝুāĻĻ্āϧেāϰ āĻŦিāϰুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻ›িāϞেāύ āϤাঁāϰ āĻŽāϤে āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āĻ›িāϞ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ…āύৈāϤিāĻ•


3. Influence (āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦ)

Simple English:
This essay inspired many world leaders.

  • Mahatma Gandhi used these ideas in India’s independence movement.
  • Martin Luther King Jr. used them during the American civil rights movement.
    The essay is now considered one of the most important texts about nonviolent protest.

Bangla Meaning:
āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāύ্āϧāϟি āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻ…āύেāĻ• āύেāϤাāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦিāϤ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ে

  • āĻŽāĻšাāϤ্āĻŽা āĻ—াāύ্āϧী āĻ­াāϰāϤেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āϏংāĻ—্āϰাāĻŽে āĻĨোāϰোāϰ āϧাāϰāĻŖা āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰেāύ
  • āĻŽাāϰ্āϟিāύ āϞুāĻĨাāϰ āĻ•িং āϜুāύি⧟āϰ āφāĻŽেāϰিāĻ•াāϰ āύাāĻ—āϰিāĻ• āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াāϰ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে āĻāϟি āĻ…āύুāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰেāύ
    āĻāϟি āĻ…āĻšিংāϏ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤি āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻ—āĻŖ্āϝ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ

4. What “Civil” Means Here (āĻāĻ–াāύে ‘Civil’ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāύে āĻ•ী?)

Simple English:
In this essay, “civil” means related to citizens and the state.
So, civil disobedience means disobeying the government or its laws.
It does not mean polite or peaceful behavior (the other meaning of “civil”).

Bangla Meaning:
āĻāĻ–াāύে “civil” āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻšāϞো āύাāĻ—āϰিāĻ• āĻ“ āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•িāϤ
āϤাāχ Civil Disobedience āĻŽাāύে āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝা⧟ āφāχāύেāϰ āĻ…āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāϤা
āĻāϟাāĻ­āĻĻ্āϰ/āĻŽাāϰ্āϜিāϤāφāϚāϰāĻŖ āĻŦোāĻা⧟ āύা


5. Background (āĻĒāϟāĻ­ূāĻŽি)

Simple English:
In the 1840s and 1850s, slavery became a big issue in America. After the Fugitive Slave Act (1850), tension increased. Thoreau gave a speech in 1848 that later became this essay.

Bangla Meaning:
ā§§ā§Žā§Ēā§Ļā§Ģā§Ļ āĻĻāĻļāĻ•ে āφāĻŽেāϰিāĻ•া⧟ āĻĻাāϏāĻĒ্āϰāĻĨা āĻŦ⧜ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝা āĻšā§Ÿে āĻĻাঁ⧜া⧟ āĻĢিāωāĻ—িāϟিāĻ­ āϏ্āϞেāĻ­ āĻ…্āϝাāĻ•্āϟ (ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§Ļ) āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻĒāϰিāϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āφāϰāĻ“ āωāϤ্āϤāĻĒ্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻĨোāϰো ā§§ā§Žā§Ēā§Ž āϏাāϞে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦāĻ•্āϤৃāϤা āĻĻেāύ, āϝা āĻĒāϰে āĻāχ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāύ্āϧে āϰূāĻĒ āύে⧟


Summary of the Essay (āϏāĻšāϜ āϏাāϰাংāĻļ)

6. Governments Are Often Harmful (āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ•্āώāϤিāĻ•āϰ)

Simple English:
Thoreau says governments often do more harm than good.
Democracy does not always ensure justice, because the majority can be wrong.
He says:

  • Respect what is right, not just the law.
  • A bad law should not be obeyed.

Bangla Meaning:
āĻĨোāϰো āĻŦāϞেāύāϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āωāĻĒāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āϚে⧟ে āĻ•্āώāϤি āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ•āϰে
āĻ—āĻŖāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻŽাāύেāχ āύ্āϝা⧟ āĻŦিāϚাāϰ āύ⧟, āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āϏংāĻ–্āϝাāĻ—āϰিāώ্āĻ āĻ“ āĻ­ুāϞ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে
āϤিāύি āĻŦāϞেāύ

  • āĻļুāϧু āφāχāύ āύ⧟, āϏāĻ িāĻ• āϜিāύিāϏāĻ•েāχ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে
  • āĻ–াāϰাāĻĒ āφāχāύ āĻŽাāύা āωāϚিāϤ āύ⧟

7. Government Is a Machine (āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻāĻ• āϧāϰāύেāϰ āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰ)

Simple English:
Thoreau compares the government to a machine.
If the machine creates injustice, citizens must act as a “counter friction” to stop it.

Bangla Meaning:
āĻĨোāϰো āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϟি āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϤুāϞāύা āĻ•āϰেāύ
āϝāĻ–āύ āĻāχ āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝা⧟ āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰে, āϤāĻ–āύ āύাāĻ—āϰিāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āωāϚিāϤ āϏেāχ āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻ•ে āĻĨাāĻŽাāύোāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦ āĻŦা āĻŦাāϧা āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻ•āϰা


8. People Must Act (āĻŽাāύুāώāĻ•ে āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে)

Simple English:
He says people should not only vote and hope for justice.
They must act justly themselves.
If you support the government by paying taxes, you are also helping its injustices.

Bangla Meaning:
āϤিāύি āĻŽāύে āĻ•āϰেāύāĻļুāϧু āĻ­োāϟ āĻĻে⧟া āĻŦা āύ্āϝা⧟ āφāĻļা āĻ•āϰাāχ āϝāĻĨেāώ্āϟ āύ⧟
āύিāϜেāĻ•েāχ āύ্āϝাāϝ়āĻĒāϰা⧟āĻŖ āĻšāϤে āĻšāĻŦে
āφāĻĒāύি āϝāĻĻি āĻ•āϰ āĻĻেāύ, āϤāĻŦে āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝা⧟েāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰ āĻšā§Ÿে āϝাāύ


9. Breaking Unjust Laws (āĻ…āύ্āϝা⧟ āφāχāύ āĻ­াāĻ™া āύ্āϝাāϝ্āϝ)

Simple English:
Obeying an unjust law is wrong.
Thoreau says people should stop cooperating with injustice—even if it means going to jail.

Bangla Meaning:
āĻ…āύ্āϝা⧟ āφāχāύ āĻŽাāύা āĻ…āύ্āϝা⧟
āĻĨোāϰো āĻŦāϞেāύāĻŽাāύুāώāĻ•ে āĻ…āύ্āϝা⧟েāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏāĻšāϝোāĻ—িāϤা āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে, āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύে āϜেāϞে āϝেāϤে āĻšāϞেāĻ“


10. Thoreau in Jail (āĻĨোāϰোāϰ āϜেāϞ āĻ…āĻ­িāϜ্āĻžāϤা)

Simple English:
Thoreau refused to pay taxes, so he was briefly jailed.
He said he felt freer in jail than people outside, because he did not support injustice.

Bangla Meaning:
āĻĨোāϰো āĻ•āϰ āĻĻিāϤে āĻ…āϏ্āĻŦীāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āϰা⧟ āϤাāĻ•ে āĻ•িāĻ›ু āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϜেāϞে āϰাāĻ–া āĻšā§Ÿ
āϤিāύি āĻŦāϞেāύāϜেāϞে āĻĨেāĻ•েāĻ“ āϤিāύি āĻŦাāχāϰে āĻĨাāĻ•া āϞোāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āϚে⧟ে āĻŦেāĻļি āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύ āĻ…āύুāĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ, āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āϤিāύি āĻ…āύ্āϝা⧟ āϏāĻŽāϰ্āĻĨāύ āĻ•āϰেāύāύি


11. Better Government Is Possible (āφāϰো āĻ­াāϞো āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ)

Simple English:
Thoreau believes the government should respect the individual as the highest authority.
A truly free state will treat every person with dignity and justice.

Bangla Meaning:
āĻĨোāϰো āĻŽāύে āĻ•āϰেāύāĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ­াāϞো āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āύাāĻ—āϰিāĻ•āĻ•ে āϏāϰ্āĻŦোāϚ্āϚ āĻŽāϰ্āϝাāĻĻা⧟ āĻĻেāĻ–āĻŦে
āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏāϤ্āϝিāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύ āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি āĻŽাāύুāώāĻ•ে āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύ āĻ“ āύ্āϝা⧟ āĻĻেāĻŦে


Impact on World Leaders (āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦ āύেāϤাāĻĻেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦ)

Mahatma Gandhi

He read Thoreau and used civil disobedience in India's freedom movement.

Bangla:
āĻ—াāύ্āϧী āĻĨোāϰোāĻ•ে āĻĒ⧜ে āĻ…āĻšিংāϏ āĻ…āϏāĻšāϝোāĻ— āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻ—ā§œে āϤোāϞেāύ


Martin Luther King Jr.

He said the essay helped him understand nonviolent resistance.

Bangla:
āĻāĻŽāĻāϞāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞেāύāĻāχ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāύ্āϧ āϤাঁāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻšিংāϏ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϰোāϧেāϰ āϏāĻ িāĻ• āĻĒāĻĨ āĻĻেāĻ–া⧟


Other Thinkers

Tolstoy, John F. Kennedy, W.B. Yeats and others were also influenced by the essay.

Bangla:
āϟāϞāϏ্āϟ⧟, āĻ•েāύেāĻĄি, āĻ‡ā§ŸেāϟāϏāϏāĻš āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϞেāĻ–āĻ• āĻ“ āύেāϤা āĻĨোāϰোāϰ āϚিāύ্āϤা⧟ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦিāϤ āĻšāύ


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đŸŸĸ āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻ“ā§Ÿ্āϝাāϰ āĻ“ āĻŽেāĻŽোāϰি (āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻ“ āϏāĻ িāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āϏাāϜাāύো āύোāϟ) --- đŸ’ģ ā§§. āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻ“āϝ়্āϝাāϰ (Hardware) "Hard" āĻŽাāύে āĻļāĻ•্āϤ āĻāĻŦং "ware" āĻŽাāύে āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āϜিāύিāϏ। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž, āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāωāϟাāϰেāϰ āϝে āϏāĻŦ āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ“ āĻ›োঁāϝ়া āϝাāϝ়, āϏেāĻ—ুāϞোāĻ•ে āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻ“āϝ়্āϝাāϰ āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়। āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻ•িāĻŦোāϰ্āĻĄ, āĻŽাāωāϏ, āĻŽāύিāϟāϰ, āĻĒ্āϰিāύ্āϟাāϰ, āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻĄিāϏ্āĻ• āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি। 🔸 āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻ“āϝ়্āϝাāϰāĻ•ে ā§Š āĻ­াāĻ—ে āĻ­াāĻ— āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ়: 1. āχāύāĻĒুāϟ āĻĄিāĻ­াāχāϏ (Input Devices) ➤ āϝা āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāωāϟাāϰে āĻĄেāϟা āĻŦা āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāύা āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়। ➤ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻ•িāĻŦোāϰ্āĻĄ, āĻŽাāωāϏ, āϏ্āĻ•্āϝাāύাāϰ, āĻĄিāϜিāϟাāϞ āĻ•্āϝাāĻŽেāϰা, āĻĒেāύāĻĄ্āϰাāχāĻ­, āϞাāχāϟ āĻĒেāύ, āĻ“āϏিāφāϰ āĻŽেāĻļিāύ, āĻ“āĻāĻŽāφāϰ āĻŽেāĻļিāύ। 2. āϏিāϏ্āϟেāĻŽ āĻŦা āĻĒ্āϰāϏেāϏিং āχāωāύিāϟ (System Unit) ➤ āĻĄেāϟা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়াāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āϏংāϰāĻ•্āώāĻŖেāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। ➤ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻĄিāϏ্āĻ• (HDD), SSD, āϰ‌্āϝাāĻŽ, āϰāĻŽ, āĻĒ্āϰāϏেāϏāϰ (CPU), āĻŽাāĻĻাāϰāĻŦোāϰ্āĻĄ, āĻĄিāϏāĻĒ্āϞে āĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄ। 3. āφāωāϟāĻĒুāϟ āĻĄিāĻ­াāχāϏ (Output Devices ) ➤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়াāϜাāϤ āĻĄেāϟা āĻĻেāĻ–াāϝ় āĻŦা āĻĒ্āϰিāύ্āϟ āĻ•āϰে। ➤ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻŽāύিāϟāϰ, āĻĒ্āϰিāύ্āϟাāϰ, āϏ্āĻĒিāĻ•াāϰ, āϰেāĻ•āϰ্āĻĄাāϰ, āĻĒ্āϰāϜেāĻ•্āϟāϰ। --- đŸŸĸ ⧍.  āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻ“āϝ়্āϝাāϰ āĻ“ āϏāĻĢāϟāĻ“āϝ়্āϝাāϰেāϰ āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ (āĻĒāϝ়েāύ্āϟ āφāĻ•াāϰে ) 🔸 āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻ“āϝ়্āϝাāϰ : 1. āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāωāϟাāϰেāϰ āĻĻৃāĻļ্āϝāĻŽাāύ āĻ“ āϏ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻļāϝোāĻ—্āϝ āĻ…ংāĻļ। 2. āĻŦাāĻš্āϝিāĻ• āĻ—āĻ āύ āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰে, āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻ•িāĻŦোāϰ্āĻĄ...

āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāωāϟাāϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϜāύ্āĻŽāĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāĻ• āĻŦিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ (Generations of Computers)

 đŸ’ģ āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāωāϟাāϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϜāύ্āĻŽāĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāĻ• āĻŦিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ (Generations of Computers) ā§§āĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰāϜāύ্āĻŽ (⧧⧝ā§Ēā§Ļ–⧧⧝ā§Ģā§Ŧ) āĻĒ্āϰāϝুāĻ•্āϤি: āĻ­্āϝাāĻ•ুāϝ়াāĻŽ āϟিāωāĻŦ āχāύāĻĒুāϟ/āφāωāϟāĻĒুāϟ: āĻĒাāĻž্āϚ āĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄ āĻ“ āĻ•াāĻ—āϜে āĻ›াāĻĒা āφāωāϟāĻĒুāϟ āĻŽেāĻŽোāϰি: āĻŽ্āϝাāĻ—āύেāϟিāĻ• āĻĄ্āϰাāĻŽ/āϟেāĻĒ āĻ­াāώা: āĻŽেāĻļিāύ āϞ্āϝাāĻ™্āĻ—ুāϝ়েāϜ āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āϟ্āϝ: āĻŦāĻĄ় āφāĻ•ৃāϤিāϰ, āĻ—āϰāĻŽ āĻšāϤো, āϧীāϰāĻ—āϤি āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: ENIAC, UNIVAC I, IBM 650 ⧍āϝ় āĻĒ্āϰāϜāύ্āĻŽ (⧧⧝ā§Ģā§Ŧ–⧧⧝ā§Ŧā§Š) āĻĒ্āϰāϝুāĻ•্āϤি: āϟ্āϰাāύāϜিāϏ্āϟāϰ āχāύāĻĒুāϟ/āφāωāϟāĻĒুāϟ: āĻĒাāĻž্āϚ āĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄ āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰিāύ্āϟাāϰ āĻŽেāĻŽোāϰি: āĻŽ্āϝাāĻ—āύেāϟিāĻ• āĻ•োāϰ āĻ­াāώা: āĻ…্āϝাāϏেāĻŽ্āĻŦāϞি, FORTRAN, COBOL āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āϟ্āϝ: āφāĻ•াāϰে āĻ›োāϟ, āĻĻ্āϰুāϤāĻ—āϤি, āϤুāϞāύাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰāϝোāĻ—্āϝ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: IBM 1401, IBM 7090, UNIVAC 1107 ā§Šāϝ় āĻĒ্āϰāϜāύ্āĻŽ (⧧⧝ā§Ŧā§Ē–⧧⧝⧭⧧) āĻĒ্āϰāϝুāĻ•্āϤি: āχāύ্āϟিāĻ—্āϰেāϟেāĻĄ āϏাāϰ্āĻ•িāϟ (IC) āχāύāĻĒুāϟ/āφāωāϟāĻĒুāϟ: āĻŽāύিāϟāϰ, āĻ•ীāĻŦোāϰ্āĻĄ āĻŽেāĻŽোāϰি: āĻŽ্āϝাāĻ—āύেāϟিāĻ• āĻĄিāϏ্āĻ• āĻ­াāώা: BASIC, Pascal, C āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āϟ্āϝ: GUI (Graphical User Interface) āĻāϰ āϏূāϚāύা āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11 ā§Ēāϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāϜāύ্āĻŽ (⧧⧝⧭⧧–āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ) āĻĒ্āϰāϝুāĻ•্āϤি: āĻŽাāχāĻ•্āϰোāĻĒ্āϰāϏেāϏāϰ (VLSI) āχāύāĻĒুāϟ/āφāωāϟāĻĒুāϟ: āĻŽাāωāϏ, āϏ্āĻ•্āϝাāύাāϰ, āĻŽāύিāϟāϰ āĻŽেāĻŽোāϰি: RAM, ROM, āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻĄিāϏ্āĻ•, SSD āĻ­াāώা: C++, Java, Python āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āϟ্āϝ: āĻ›োāϟ āφāĻ•ৃāϤি, āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ, āϏাāĻļ্āϰāϝ়ী āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: IBM PC, Apple Macintosh ā§ĢāĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰāϜāύ্āĻŽ (āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻŦ...