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Q. What makes Whitman a great innovator of poetic technique? Masters Modern Poetry

 Q. What makes Whitman a great innovator of poetic technique?

Answer with reference to “Song of Myself” [DU. (affi) 2017] Or, 

Show how Whitman broke with the traditional verse forms in his “Song of Myself”? [NU. 2006, 2008] Or, 

Comment on Whitman’s poetic techniques with reference to “Song of Myself”. [NU. 2017] Or, 

Show how Walt Whitman deviated from the traditional verse forms and themes in his poetry. [DU. (affi) 2015]




Walt Whitman   (1819 – 1892) was an American poet, essayist, and journalist; he also wrote two novels. He is considered one of the most influential poets in American literature and world literature. Whitman incorporated both transcendentalism and realism in his writings and is often called the father of free verse.

Walt Whitman is considered a great innovator because, in the mid-19th century, he deliberately broke away from the established poetic traditions (both English and American) in terms of subject matter (themes) and form (technique/versification).1 He aimed to create a new poetry that was suitable for the emerging democratic and modern American nation, best exemplified in his work "Song of Myself."


āĻ“ā§ŸাāϞ্āϟ āĻšুāχāϟāĻŽ্āϝাāύāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŽāĻšাāύ āωāĻĻ্āĻ­াāĻŦāĻ• (Innovator) āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ় āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āϤিāύি ⧧⧝ āĻļāϤāĻ•েāϰ āĻŽাāĻাāĻŽাāĻি āϏāĻŽāϝ়ে āĻ•াāĻŦ্āϝ āϰীāϤিāϰ āĻŦিāώāϝ়āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Themes) āĻāĻŦং āĻ•āĻŦিāϤাāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ (Technique/Form)āωāϭ⧟ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰেāχ āϚিāϰাāϚāϰিāϤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨা āĻ­েāĻ™ে āĻŦেāϰি⧟ে āĻāϏেāĻ›িāϞেāύ āϤাঁāϰ āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝ āĻ›িāϞ āύāϤুāύ āĻ—āĻŖāϤাāύ্āϤ্āϰিāĻ• āφāĻŽেāϰিāĻ•াāϰ āωāĻĒāϝোāĻ—ী āĻāĻ•āϟি āύāϤুāύ āĻ•াāĻŦ্āϝāĻļৈāϞী āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰা, āϝাāϰ āĻļ্āϰেāώ্āĻ  āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻšāϞো āϤাঁāϰ "Song of Myself" āĻ•āĻŦিāϤাāϟি

 

I. Innovation in Themes (Subject Matter)

Whitman revolutionized poetry by introducing themes previously considered unfit for serious verse:

ā§§. āĻŦিāώāϝ়āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āωāĻĻ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύ (Innovation in Themes)

āĻ•āĻŦিāϤাāϝ় āĻ•োāύ āĻŦিāώāϝ় āύিāϝ়ে āϞেāĻ–া āĻšāĻŦে, āϏেāχ āϧাāϰāĻŖাāϟি āĻšুāχāϟāĻŽ্āϝাāύ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāϰূāĻĒে āĻŦāĻĻāϞে āĻĻি⧟েāĻ›িāϞেāύ:

 

  • Democratic Subject Matter: Traditional poetry focused on kings, queens, and the nobility. Whitman rejected this aristocratic past and became the poet of the common man—the sailor, the carpenter, the vagabond, and the masses living in the new cities of the United States.
  • āĻ—āĻŖāϤাāύ্āϤ্āϰিāĻ• āĻŦিāώāϝ়āĻŦāϏ্āϤু: āϚিāϰাāϚāϰিāϤ āĻ•āĻŦিāϤা āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āϰাāϜা-āϰাāύি, āϰাāϜāĻĒ্āϰাāϏাāĻĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āĻ­িāϜাāϤāĻĻেāϰ āύি⧟ে āϞেāĻ–া āĻšāϤো āĻšুāχāϟāĻŽ্āϝাāύ āϏেāχ āϏাāĻŽāύ্āϤāϤাāύ্āϤ্āϰিāĻ• āĻ…āϤীāϤāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝাāĻ–্āϝাāύ āĻ•āϰে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻ•āĻŦি āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ“āĻ েāύ āϤিāύি āύাāĻŦিāĻ•, āĻ•াāĻ āĻŽিāϏ্āϤ্āϰি, āĻļ্āϰāĻŽিāĻ•, āĻ­āĻŦāϘুāϰে āĻāĻŦং āϝুāĻ•্āϤāϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰেāϰ āϘāύāĻŦāϏāϤিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻļāĻšāϰেāϰ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āϜāύāϤাāϰ āϜীāĻŦāύ āύিāϝ়ে āĻ—াāύ āĻ—ে⧟েāĻ›েāύ

 

  • Celebration of Body and Soul: His era's poetry often ignored or condemned basic human passions and physical desires as "unclean." Whitman, conversely, celebrated the physical Body as equal in importance and holiness to the Soul.4 In Section 21 of "Song of Myself," he boldly declares:

"I am the poet of the body / And I am the poet of the soul."

  • āĻĻেāĻš āĻ“ āφāϤ্āĻŽাāϰ āωāĻĻāϝাāĻĒāύ: āϤাঁāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ়েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϚāϞিāϤ āĻ•āĻŦিāϤাāĻ—ুāϞি āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ• āφāĻŦেāĻ— āĻāĻŦং āĻļাāϰীāϰিāĻ• āφāĻ•াāĻ™্āĻ•্āώাāĻ—ুāϞিāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰা⧟āĻļāχ 'āύোংāϰা' āĻŦা 'āĻ–াāϰাāĻĒ' āĻŦāϞে āĻā§œি⧟ে āϝেāϤ āĻšুāχāϟāĻŽ্āϝাāύ āĻāϰ āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻšেঁāϟেāĻ›েāύ; āϤিāύি āφāϤ্āĻŽাāϰ āĻŽāϤোāχ āĻĻেāĻšāĻ•েāĻ“ āϏāĻŽাāύ āĻĒāĻŦিāϤ্āϰ āĻ“ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻŽāύে āĻ•āϰে āϏেāϟিāĻ•ে āωāĻĻāϝাāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ8 "Song of Myself"-āĻāϰ ⧍⧧ āύং āĻ…ংāĻļে āϤিāύি āϏāĻ—ৌāϰāĻŦে āϘোāώāĻŖা āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ:

"āφāĻŽি āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻ•āĻŦি / āĻāĻŦং āφāĻŽি āφāϤ্āĻŽাāϰāĻ“ āĻ•āĻŦি"

 

II. Innovation in Technique (Form and Language)

Whitman’s greatest contribution lies in his breaking away from traditional poetic structures:

⧍. āĻ•াāĻŦ্āϝিāĻ• āĻ•ৌāĻļāϞেāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āωāĻĻ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύ (Technical Innovation)

āĻ•āĻŦিāϤাāϰ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো (structure) āĻāĻŦং āĻ­াāώা āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰেāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻšুāχāϟāĻŽ্āϝাāύেāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻাāύ āϏāĻŦāϚেāϝ়ে āĻŦāĻĄ়:

 

  • Free Verse (Versification): Whitman is the greatest American pioneer of Free Verse. He completely abandoned the strict restraints of traditional European prosody, such as fixed metrical rhythm (like Iambic Pentameter) and regular rhyme schemes.
  • āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āĻ›āύ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ (Free Verse): āĻšুāχāϟāĻŽ্āϝাāύ āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āĻ›āύ্āĻĻেāϰ (Free Verse) āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻļ্āϰেāώ্āĻ  āφāĻŽেāϰিāĻ•াāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻ• āϤিāύি āϐāϤিāĻš্āϝāĻŦাāĻšী āχāωāϰোāĻĒীāϝ় āĻ•াāĻŦ্āϝāϰীāϤিāϰ āĻ•āĻ োāϰ āύিāϝ়āĻŽ, āϝেāĻŽāύ āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻŽিāϟাāϰ āĻŦা āϞ⧟ (meter) āĻāĻŦং āύি⧟āĻŽিāϤ āĻ…āύ্āϤ্āϝāĻŽিāϞ (rhyme scheme), āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāϰূāĻĒে āĻŦāϰ্āϜāύ āĻ•āϰেāύ

 

  • Thought-Rhythm: His poetry is not ruled by syllable count, but by the flow of his ideas—what is called thought-rhythm. His lines vary in length, dictated by the surge and pause of his philosophical thoughts, not by a metronome.

 

  • āĻ­াāĻŦāύাāϰ āĻ›āύ্āĻĻ (Thought-Rhythm): āϤাঁāϰ āĻ•āĻŦিāϤাāĻ—ুāϞি āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰেāϰ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা āĻĻি⧟ে āύি⧟āύ্āϤ্āϰিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āύা, āĻŦāϰং āϤাঁāϰ āĻ­াāĻŦāύাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš (Thought-Rhythm) āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āύি⧟āύ্āϤ্āϰিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤাঁāϰ āĻĻাāϰ্āĻļāύিāĻ• āϚিāύ্āϤাāĻ­াāĻŦāύাāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āϜো⧟াāϰ-āĻ­াāϟা āĻ…āύুāϝাāϝ়ী āĻĒāĻ™āĻ•্āϤিāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻĻৈāϰ্āϘ্āϝ āĻŦা⧜ে-āĻ•āĻŽে

 

  • Democratic Diction: Like Wordsworth, he simplified poetic language. However, he went further by widening the poetic vocabulary. He boldly included:

 

  • āĻ—āĻŖāϤাāύ্āϤ্āϰিāĻ• āĻ­াāώা (Democratic Diction): āϤিāύি āĻ•াāĻŦ্āϝিāĻ• āĻ­াāώাāĻ•ে āϏāϰāϞ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻļুāϧু āϤাāχ āύ⧟, āϤিāύি āĻ•াāĻŦ্āϝিāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ­াāύ্āĻĄাāϰāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰিāϤ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϏাāĻšāϏী āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•্āώেāĻĒ āύেāύ:
    • Technical Jargon: Words borrowed from science (astronomy, biology), commerce, and trade.
    • āĻĒ্āϰāϝুāĻ•্āϤিāĻ—āϤ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ: āϜ্āϝোāϤিāϰ্āĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝা, āϜীāĻŦāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝা, āĻŦাāĻŖিāϜ্āϝ āĻŦা āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāϝুāĻ•্āϤিāĻ—āϤ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āϧাāϰ āĻ•āϰে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ
    • Slang: He openly used slang, calling it the "common man’s experiment with language," thereby democratizing the very words used in poetry.
    • āϏ্āϞ্āϝাং (Slang): āϤিāύি āϏাāĻšāϏেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏ্āϞ্āϝাং (āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻŽুāĻ–েāϰ āĻ­াāώা) āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰāĻ•ে āϏāĻŽāϰ্āĻĨāύ āĻ•āϰেāύ, āĻāĻŦং āĻāϟিāĻ•ে "āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻ­াāώাāϰ āĻĒāϰীāĻ•্āώাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāĻ—" āĻŦāϞে āĻ…āĻ­িāĻšিāϤ āĻ•āϰেāύ

 

  • Symbolism: He effectively used symbolism to convey complex, transcendental truths and the deep mystery of the universe, linking the physical world (Body) to the spiritual world (Soul).

 

Conclusion:

In summary, by daring to sing of new subjects (democracy, the body) and by completely revolutionizing the form (Free Verse, thought-rhythm), Whitman became a decisive, courageous, and influential innovator who set the stage for modern poetry.

āωāĻĒāϏংāĻšাāϰ:

āϏংāĻ•্āώেāĻĒে āĻŦāϞা āϝাāϝ়, āĻšুāχāϟāĻŽ্āϝাāύ āύāϤুāύ āĻŦিāώāϝ়āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (āĻ—āĻŖāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ, āĻĻেāĻš) āύিāϝ়ে āĻ—াāύ āĻ—াāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āϏাāĻšāϏ āĻĻেāĻ–িāϝ়ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ•āĻŦিāϤাāϰ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽোāĻ•ে (āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āĻ›āύ্āĻĻ) āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāϰূāĻĒে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āωāύিāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻ•েāϰ āϏাāĻšিāϤ্āϝে āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϏাāĻšāϏী, āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦāĻļাāϞী āĻ“ āĻŽāĻšাāύ āωāĻĻ্āĻ­াāĻŦāĻ• āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āύিāϜেāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ িāϤ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ

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đŸ’ģ āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāωāϟাāϰ āĻŦিāώ⧟āĻ• āĻĒāϰিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āϏংāĻ•্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ āύোāϟ

đŸ’ģ āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāωāϟাāϰ āĻŦিāώ⧟āĻ• āĻĒāϰিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āϏংāĻ•্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ āύোāϟ đŸŸĸ ā§§. āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāωāϟাāϰ āĻ•ী? āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāωāϟাāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āχāϞেāĻ•āϟ্āϰāύিāĻ• āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰ, āϝা āĻ—াāĻŖিāϤিāĻ•, āϝৌāĻ•্āϤিāĻ• āĻ“ āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻāϟি āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāύিāϰ্āϧাāϰিāϤ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāύাāϰ (Programs) āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻĄেāϟা āĻĒ্āϰāϏেāϏ āĻ•āϰে, āϏংāϰāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āĻ“ āĻĢāϞাāĻĢāϞ āĻĻেāĻ–া⧟। "Computer" āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟি āĻāϏেāĻ›ে Latin āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ "Computare" āĻĨেāĻ•ে, āϝাāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ "to calculate"। đŸŸĸ āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāωāϟাāϰেāϰ āχāϤিāĻšাāϏ (āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦিāύ্āϝাāϏ āĻ•āϰা āύোāϟ) āφāĻŦাāĻ•াāϏ (Abacus) āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ—āĻŖāύা āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰ। āĻ–্āϰিāϏ্āϟāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦ āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ ⧍ā§Ģā§Ļā§Ļ āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻŦ্āϝাāĻŦিāϞāύে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϤো। āĻāϟি āĻ›িāϞ āĻšাāϤে āϚāϞাāύো āĻ—াāĻŖিāϤিāĻ• āĻšিāϏাāĻŦেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো। āϚাāϰ্āϞāϏ āĻŦ্āϝাāĻŦেāϜ (Charles Babbage) ā§§ā§Žā§Šā§Š āϏাāϞে "Analytical Engine" āφāĻŦিāώ্āĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āϰেāύ। āϤাঁāĻ•ে āφāϧুāύিāĻ• āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāωāϟাāϰেāϰ āϜāύāĻ• āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ (Father of Modern Computer)। āϤাঁāϰ āĻĄিāϜাāχāύেāχ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāωāϟাāϰেāϰ āϧাāϰāĻŖা āφāϏে। āĻšাāϰ্āĻ­াāϰ্āĻĄ āĻŽাāϰ্āĻ•-ā§§ (Harvard Mark-1) āφāĻŦিāώ্āĻ•াāϰ: ⧧⧝ā§Ēā§Ē āϏাāϞে, IBM-āĻāϰ āϏāĻšāϝোāĻ—িāϤা⧟। āĻāϟি āĻ›িāϞ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āχāϞেāĻ•āϟ্āϰো-āĻŽেāĻ•াāύিāĻ•্āϝাāϞ āĻĄিāϜিāϟাāϞ āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāωāϟাāϰ। āĻĻৈāϰ্āϘ্āϝ āĻ›িāϞ ā§Ģā§§ āĻĢুāϟ, āωāϚ্āϚāϤা ā§Ž āĻĢুāϟ। āĻāϟি āχāύāĻĒুāϟ-āφāωāϟāĻĒুāϟāϏāĻš āϏ্āĻŦ⧟ংāĻ•্āϰি⧟āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤ। ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator...

āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻ“ā§Ÿ্āϝাāϰ āĻ“ āĻŽেāĻŽোāϰি (āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻ“ āϏāĻ িāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āϏাāϜাāύো āύোāϟ)

đŸŸĸ āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻ“ā§Ÿ্āϝাāϰ āĻ“ āĻŽেāĻŽোāϰি (āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻ“ āϏāĻ িāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āϏাāϜাāύো āύোāϟ) --- đŸ’ģ ā§§. āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻ“āϝ়্āϝাāϰ (Hardware) "Hard" āĻŽাāύে āĻļāĻ•্āϤ āĻāĻŦং "ware" āĻŽাāύে āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āϜিāύিāϏ। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž, āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāωāϟাāϰেāϰ āϝে āϏāĻŦ āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ“ āĻ›োঁāϝ়া āϝাāϝ়, āϏেāĻ—ুāϞোāĻ•ে āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻ“āϝ়্āϝাāϰ āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়। āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻ•িāĻŦোāϰ্āĻĄ, āĻŽাāωāϏ, āĻŽāύিāϟāϰ, āĻĒ্āϰিāύ্āϟাāϰ, āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻĄিāϏ্āĻ• āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি। 🔸 āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻ“āϝ়্āϝাāϰāĻ•ে ā§Š āĻ­াāĻ—ে āĻ­াāĻ— āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ়: 1. āχāύāĻĒুāϟ āĻĄিāĻ­াāχāϏ (Input Devices) ➤ āϝা āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāωāϟাāϰে āĻĄেāϟা āĻŦা āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāύা āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়। ➤ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻ•িāĻŦোāϰ্āĻĄ, āĻŽাāωāϏ, āϏ্āĻ•্āϝাāύাāϰ, āĻĄিāϜিāϟাāϞ āĻ•্āϝাāĻŽেāϰা, āĻĒেāύāĻĄ্āϰাāχāĻ­, āϞাāχāϟ āĻĒেāύ, āĻ“āϏিāφāϰ āĻŽেāĻļিāύ, āĻ“āĻāĻŽāφāϰ āĻŽেāĻļিāύ। 2. āϏিāϏ্āϟেāĻŽ āĻŦা āĻĒ্āϰāϏেāϏিং āχāωāύিāϟ (System Unit) ➤ āĻĄেāϟা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়াāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āϏংāϰāĻ•্āώāĻŖেāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। ➤ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻĄিāϏ্āĻ• (HDD), SSD, āϰ‌্āϝাāĻŽ, āϰāĻŽ, āĻĒ্āϰāϏেāϏāϰ (CPU), āĻŽাāĻĻাāϰāĻŦোāϰ্āĻĄ, āĻĄিāϏāĻĒ্āϞে āĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄ। 3. āφāωāϟāĻĒুāϟ āĻĄিāĻ­াāχāϏ (Output Devices ) ➤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়াāϜাāϤ āĻĄেāϟা āĻĻেāĻ–াāϝ় āĻŦা āĻĒ্āϰিāύ্āϟ āĻ•āϰে। ➤ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻŽāύিāϟāϰ, āĻĒ্āϰিāύ্āϟাāϰ, āϏ্āĻĒিāĻ•াāϰ, āϰেāĻ•āϰ্āĻĄাāϰ, āĻĒ্āϰāϜেāĻ•্āϟāϰ। --- đŸŸĸ ⧍.  āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻ“āϝ়্āϝাāϰ āĻ“ āϏāĻĢāϟāĻ“āϝ়্āϝাāϰেāϰ āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ (āĻĒāϝ়েāύ্āϟ āφāĻ•াāϰে ) 🔸 āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻ“āϝ়্āϝাāϰ : 1. āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāωāϟাāϰেāϰ āĻĻৃāĻļ্āϝāĻŽাāύ āĻ“ āϏ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻļāϝোāĻ—্āϝ āĻ…ংāĻļ। 2. āĻŦাāĻš্āϝিāĻ• āĻ—āĻ āύ āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰে, āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻ•িāĻŦোāϰ্āĻĄ...

āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāωāϟাāϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϜāύ্āĻŽāĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāĻ• āĻŦিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ (Generations of Computers)

 đŸ’ģ āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāωāϟাāϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϜāύ্āĻŽāĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāĻ• āĻŦিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ (Generations of Computers) ā§§āĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰāϜāύ্āĻŽ (⧧⧝ā§Ēā§Ļ–⧧⧝ā§Ģā§Ŧ) āĻĒ্āϰāϝুāĻ•্āϤি: āĻ­্āϝাāĻ•ুāϝ়াāĻŽ āϟিāωāĻŦ āχāύāĻĒুāϟ/āφāωāϟāĻĒুāϟ: āĻĒাāĻž্āϚ āĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄ āĻ“ āĻ•াāĻ—āϜে āĻ›াāĻĒা āφāωāϟāĻĒুāϟ āĻŽেāĻŽোāϰি: āĻŽ্āϝাāĻ—āύেāϟিāĻ• āĻĄ্āϰাāĻŽ/āϟেāĻĒ āĻ­াāώা: āĻŽেāĻļিāύ āϞ্āϝাāĻ™্āĻ—ুāϝ়েāϜ āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āϟ্āϝ: āĻŦāĻĄ় āφāĻ•ৃāϤিāϰ, āĻ—āϰāĻŽ āĻšāϤো, āϧীāϰāĻ—āϤি āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: ENIAC, UNIVAC I, IBM 650 ⧍āϝ় āĻĒ্āϰāϜāύ্āĻŽ (⧧⧝ā§Ģā§Ŧ–⧧⧝ā§Ŧā§Š) āĻĒ্āϰāϝুāĻ•্āϤি: āϟ্āϰাāύāϜিāϏ্āϟāϰ āχāύāĻĒুāϟ/āφāωāϟāĻĒুāϟ: āĻĒাāĻž্āϚ āĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄ āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰিāύ্āϟাāϰ āĻŽেāĻŽোāϰি: āĻŽ্āϝাāĻ—āύেāϟিāĻ• āĻ•োāϰ āĻ­াāώা: āĻ…্āϝাāϏেāĻŽ্āĻŦāϞি, FORTRAN, COBOL āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āϟ্āϝ: āφāĻ•াāϰে āĻ›োāϟ, āĻĻ্āϰুāϤāĻ—āϤি, āϤুāϞāύাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰāϝোāĻ—্āϝ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: IBM 1401, IBM 7090, UNIVAC 1107 ā§Šāϝ় āĻĒ্āϰāϜāύ্āĻŽ (⧧⧝ā§Ŧā§Ē–⧧⧝⧭⧧) āĻĒ্āϰāϝুāĻ•্āϤি: āχāύ্āϟিāĻ—্āϰেāϟেāĻĄ āϏাāϰ্āĻ•িāϟ (IC) āχāύāĻĒুāϟ/āφāωāϟāĻĒুāϟ: āĻŽāύিāϟāϰ, āĻ•ীāĻŦোāϰ্āĻĄ āĻŽেāĻŽোāϰি: āĻŽ্āϝাāĻ—āύেāϟিāĻ• āĻĄিāϏ্āĻ• āĻ­াāώা: BASIC, Pascal, C āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āϟ্āϝ: GUI (Graphical User Interface) āĻāϰ āϏূāϚāύা āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11 ā§Ēāϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāϜāύ্āĻŽ (⧧⧝⧭⧧–āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ) āĻĒ্āϰāϝুāĻ•্āϤি: āĻŽাāχāĻ•্āϰোāĻĒ্āϰāϏেāϏāϰ (VLSI) āχāύāĻĒুāϟ/āφāωāϟāĻĒুāϟ: āĻŽাāωāϏ, āϏ্āĻ•্āϝাāύাāϰ, āĻŽāύিāϟāϰ āĻŽেāĻŽোāϰি: RAM, ROM, āĻšাāϰ্āĻĄāĻĄিāϏ্āĻ•, SSD āĻ­াāώা: C++, Java, Python āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āϟ্āϝ: āĻ›োāϟ āφāĻ•ৃāϤি, āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ, āϏাāĻļ্āϰāϝ়ী āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: IBM PC, Apple Macintosh ā§ĢāĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰāϜāύ্āĻŽ (āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻŦ...