Q. What makes Whitman a great innovator of poetic technique?
Answer with reference to “Song of Myself” [DU. (affi) 2017] Or,
Show how Whitman broke with the traditional verse forms in his “Song of Myself”? [NU. 2006, 2008] Or,
Comment on Whitman’s poetic techniques with reference to “Song of Myself”. [NU. 2017] Or,
Show how Walt Whitman deviated from the traditional verse forms and themes in his poetry. [DU. (affi) 2015]
Walt Whitman (1819 – 1892) was an American poet, essayist, and journalist; he also wrote two novels. He is considered one of the most influential poets in American literature and world literature. Whitman incorporated both transcendentalism and realism in his writings and is often called the father of free verse.
Walt Whitman is considered a great innovator because, in the
mid-19th century, he deliberately broke away from the established poetic
traditions (both English and American) in terms of subject matter (themes)
and form (technique/versification).1 He aimed to create a new
poetry that was suitable for the emerging democratic and modern American
nation, best exemplified in his work "Song of Myself."
āĻā§াāϞ্āĻ
āĻšুāĻāĻāĻŽ্āϝাāύāĻে āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŽāĻšাāύ āĻāĻĻ্āĻাāĻŦāĻ
(Innovator) āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ় āĻাāϰāĻŖ āϤিāύি
⧧⧝ āĻļāϤāĻেāϰ āĻŽাāĻাāĻŽাāĻি āϏāĻŽāϝ়ে
āĻাāĻŦ্āϝ āϰীāϤিāϰ āĻŦিāώāϝ়āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (Themes) āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻŦিāϤাāϰ āĻāĻ āύ
(Technique/Form)—āĻāĻā§
āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰেāĻ āĻিāϰাāĻāϰিāϤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨা āĻেāĻে āĻŦেāϰিā§ে
āĻāϏেāĻিāϞেāύ। āϤাঁāϰ āϞāĻ্āώ্āϝ
āĻিāϞ āύāϤুāύ āĻāĻŖāϤাāύ্āϤ্āϰিāĻ āĻāĻŽেāϰিāĻাāϰ
āĻāĻĒāϝোāĻী āĻāĻāĻি āύāϤুāύ āĻাāĻŦ্āϝāĻļৈāϞী
āϤৈāϰি āĻāϰা, āϝাāϰ āĻļ্āϰেāώ্āĻ
āĻāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻšāϞো āϤাঁāϰ "Song of Myself" āĻāĻŦিāϤাāĻি।
I. Innovation in Themes (Subject Matter)
Whitman revolutionized poetry by introducing themes
previously considered unfit for serious verse:
ā§§.
āĻŦিāώāϝ়āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻāĻĻ্āĻাāĻŦāύ (Innovation in Themes)
āĻāĻŦিāϤাāϝ়
āĻোāύ āĻŦিāώāϝ় āύিāϝ়ে āϞেāĻা
āĻšāĻŦে, āϏেāĻ āϧাāϰāĻŖাāĻি āĻšুāĻāĻāĻŽ্āϝাāύ
āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāϰূāĻĒে āĻŦāĻĻāϞে āĻĻিā§েāĻিāϞেāύ:
- Democratic
Subject Matter: Traditional poetry focused on kings, queens, and the
nobility. Whitman rejected this aristocratic past and became the
poet of the common man—the sailor, the carpenter, the vagabond, and
the masses living in the new cities of the United States.
- āĻāĻŖāϤাāύ্āϤ্āϰিāĻ āĻŦিāώāϝ়āĻŦāϏ্āϤু: āĻিāϰাāĻāϰিāϤ āĻāĻŦিāϤা āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āϰাāĻা-āϰাāύি, āϰাāĻāĻĒ্āϰাāϏাāĻĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻ
āĻিāĻাāϤāĻĻেāϰ āύিā§ে āϞেāĻা āĻšāϤো। āĻšুāĻāĻāĻŽ্āϝাāύ āϏেāĻ āϏাāĻŽāύ্āϤāϤাāύ্āϤ্āϰিāĻ āĻ
āϤীāϤāĻে āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝাāĻ্āϝাāύ āĻāϰে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻāĻŦি āĻšā§ে āĻāĻ েāύ। āϤিāύি āύাāĻŦিāĻ, āĻাāĻ āĻŽিāϏ্āϤ্āϰি, āĻļ্āϰāĻŽিāĻ, āĻāĻŦāĻুāϰে āĻāĻŦং āϝুāĻ্āϤāϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰেāϰ āĻāύāĻŦāϏāϤিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻļāĻšāϰেāϰ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻāύāϤাāϰ āĻীāĻŦāύ āύিāϝ়ে āĻাāύ āĻেā§েāĻেāύ।
- Celebration
of Body and Soul: His era's poetry often ignored or condemned basic
human passions and physical desires as "unclean." Whitman,
conversely, celebrated the physical Body as equal in importance and
holiness to the Soul.4 In Section 21 of "Song of
Myself," he boldly declares:
"I am the poet of the body / And I am the poet of the
soul."
- āĻĻেāĻš āĻ āĻāϤ্āĻŽাāϰ āĻāĻĻāϝাāĻĒāύ: āϤাঁāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ়েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻāϞিāϤ āĻāĻŦিāϤাāĻুāϞি āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ āĻāĻŦেāĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻļাāϰীāϰিāĻ āĻāĻাāĻ্āĻ্āώাāĻুāϞিāĻে āĻĒ্āϰাā§āĻļāĻ 'āύোংāϰা' āĻŦা 'āĻাāϰাāĻĒ' āĻŦāϞে āĻā§িā§ে āϝেāϤ। āĻšুāĻāĻāĻŽ্āϝাāύ āĻāϰ āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻšেঁāĻেāĻেāύ; āϤিāύি āĻāϤ্āĻŽাāϰ āĻŽāϤোāĻ āĻĻেāĻšāĻেāĻ āϏāĻŽাāύ āĻĒāĻŦিāϤ্āϰ āĻ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻŽāύে āĻāϰে āϏেāĻিāĻে āĻāĻĻāϝাāĻĒāύ āĻāϰেāĻেāύ।8
"Song of Myself"-āĻāϰ
⧍⧧ āύং āĻ
ংāĻļে āϤিāύি āϏāĻৌāϰāĻŦে āĻোāώāĻŖা āĻāϰেāĻেāύ:
"āĻāĻŽি
āĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻāĻŦি / āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻŽি
āĻāϤ্āĻŽাāϰāĻ āĻāĻŦি।"
II. Innovation in Technique (Form and Language)
Whitman’s greatest contribution lies in his breaking away
from traditional poetic structures:
⧍.
āĻাāĻŦ্āϝিāĻ āĻৌāĻļāϞেāϰ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻāĻĻ্āĻাāĻŦāύ (Technical Innovation)
āĻāĻŦিāϤাāϰ
āĻাāĻ াāĻŽো (structure) āĻāĻŦং āĻাāώা āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰেāϰ
āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻšুāĻāĻāĻŽ্āϝাāύেāϰ āĻ
āĻŦāĻĻাāύ āϏāĻŦāĻেāϝ়ে āĻŦāĻĄ়:
- Free
Verse (Versification): Whitman is the greatest American pioneer of Free
Verse. He completely abandoned the strict restraints of traditional
European prosody, such as fixed metrical rhythm (like Iambic Pentameter)
and regular rhyme schemes.
- āĻŽুāĻ্āϤ āĻāύ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ (Free Verse):
āĻšুāĻāĻāĻŽ্āϝাāύ āĻŽুāĻ্āϤ āĻāύ্āĻĻেāϰ (Free Verse) āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻļ্āϰেāώ্āĻ āĻāĻŽেāϰিāĻাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻ। āϤিāύি āĻāϤিāĻš্āϝāĻŦাāĻšী āĻāĻāϰোāĻĒীāϝ় āĻাāĻŦ্āϝāϰীāϤিāϰ āĻāĻ োāϰ āύিāϝ়āĻŽ, āϝেāĻŽāύ āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āĻŽিāĻাāϰ āĻŦা āϞ⧠(meter) āĻāĻŦং āύিā§āĻŽিāϤ āĻ
āύ্āϤ্āϝāĻŽিāϞ (rhyme scheme),
āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāϰূāĻĒে āĻŦāϰ্āĻāύ āĻāϰেāύ।
- Thought-Rhythm:
His poetry is not ruled by syllable count, but by the flow of his
ideas—what is called thought-rhythm. His lines vary in length,
dictated by the surge and pause of his philosophical thoughts, not by a
metronome.
- āĻাāĻŦāύাāϰ āĻāύ্āĻĻ (Thought-Rhythm):
āϤাঁāϰ āĻāĻŦিāϤাāĻুāϞি āĻ
āĻ্āώāϰেāϰ āϏংāĻ্āϝা āĻĻিā§ে āύিā§āύ্āϤ্āϰিāϤ āĻšā§ āύা, āĻŦāϰং āϤাঁāϰ āĻাāĻŦāύাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš (Thought-Rhythm)
āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āύিā§āύ্āϤ্āϰিāϤ āĻšā§। āϤাঁāϰ
āĻĻাāϰ্āĻļāύিāĻ āĻিāύ্āϤাāĻাāĻŦāύাāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻোā§াāϰ-āĻাāĻা āĻ
āύুāϝাāϝ়ী āĻĒāĻāĻ্āϤিāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻĻৈāϰ্āĻ্āϝ āĻŦাā§ে-āĻāĻŽে।
- Democratic
Diction: Like Wordsworth, he simplified poetic language. However, he
went further by widening the poetic vocabulary. He boldly included:
- āĻāĻŖāϤাāύ্āϤ্āϰিāĻ āĻাāώা (Democratic
Diction): āϤিāύি āĻাāĻŦ্āϝিāĻ āĻাāώাāĻে āϏāϰāϞ āĻāϰেāĻিāϞেāύ। āĻļুāϧু āϤাāĻ āύā§, āϤিāύি āĻাāĻŦ্āϝিāĻ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻাāύ্āĻĄাāϰāĻে āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰিāϤ āĻāϰাāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āϏাāĻšāϏী āĻĒāĻĻāĻ্āώেāĻĒ āύেāύ:
- Technical
Jargon: Words borrowed from science (astronomy, biology), commerce,
and trade.
- āĻĒ্āϰāϝুāĻ্āϤিāĻāϤ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ: āĻ্āϝোāϤিāϰ্āĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝা, āĻীāĻŦāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝা, āĻŦাāĻŖিāĻ্āϝ āĻŦা āĻ
āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāϝুāĻ্āϤিāĻāϤ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰ āĻĨেāĻে āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āϧাāϰ āĻāϰে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāϰেāĻেāύ।
- Slang:
He openly used slang, calling it the "common man’s experiment
with language," thereby democratizing the very words used in poetry.
- āϏ্āϞ্āϝাং (Slang): āϤিāύি āϏাāĻšāϏেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏ্āϞ্āϝাং (āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻŽুāĻেāϰ āĻাāώা) āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰāĻে āϏāĻŽāϰ্āĻĨāύ āĻāϰেāύ, āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻিāĻে "āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻাāώাāϰ āĻĒāϰীāĻ্āώাāĻŽূāϞāĻ āĻĒ্āϰā§োāĻ" āĻŦāϞে āĻ
āĻিāĻšিāϤ āĻāϰেāύ।
- Symbolism:
He effectively used symbolism to convey complex, transcendental truths and
the deep mystery of the universe, linking the physical world (Body) to the
spiritual world (Soul).
Conclusion:
In summary, by daring to sing of new subjects (democracy,
the body) and by completely revolutionizing the form (Free Verse,
thought-rhythm), Whitman became a decisive, courageous, and influential
innovator who set the stage for modern poetry.
āĻāĻĒāϏংāĻšাāϰ:
āϏংāĻ্āώেāĻĒে
āĻŦāϞা āϝাāϝ়, āĻšুāĻāĻāĻŽ্āϝাāύ āύāϤুāύ
āĻŦিāώāϝ়āĻŦāϏ্āϤু (āĻāĻŖāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ, āĻĻেāĻš) āύিāϝ়ে āĻাāύ
āĻাāĻāϝ়াāϰ āϏাāĻšāϏ āĻĻেāĻিāϝ়ে āĻāĻŦং
āĻāĻŦিāϤাāϰ āĻাāĻ াāĻŽোāĻে (āĻŽুāĻ্āϤ āĻāύ্āĻĻ) āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāϰূāĻĒে
āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻāϰাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻāύিāĻļ
āĻļāϤāĻেāϰ āϏাāĻšিāϤ্āϝে āĻāĻāĻāύ āϏাāĻšāϏী, āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻŦāĻļাāϞী
āĻ āĻŽāĻšাāύ āĻāĻĻ্āĻাāĻŦāĻ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে
āύিāĻেāĻে āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ িāϤ āĻāϰেāĻেāύ।
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